Tutorial: Building a Raspberry Pi Smart Home (Part 1)

Earlier this year, we showcased our Raspberry Pi Future Home, a fully connected LEGO smart house model with LEDs, weather sensors, and a realtime control dashboard.

And now, we’ll show you exactly how to build one (and give you all the code you need as well!).

We promised that we’d dig deeper into the individual hardware and software components of the Raspberry Pi smart home model. The house was constructed out of LEGO, and runs on a Raspberry Pi Model B+. It includes LEDs, temperature and humidity sensors, and a remote controlled door.

In this part, we’ll focus on the temperature and humidity sensors. We’ll walk through setting up the hardware, hooking it up with PubNub, and viewing the readings in realtime from our web UI. In our Part Two, we’ll show you how to remotely turn on and off the house LEDs, as well as control their brightness.

As always, our full project GitHub repository is available here.

Raspberry Pi Smart Home Concept

In our diagram, the house represents the Raspberry Pi house with the lights, sensors and door. Using PubNub, you can power bidirectional communication between the devices at home and your mobile/browser:

• Read the sensor values such as temperature and humidity on a realtime web UI.
  

  (SENSOR/LIGHT —-> BROWSER/MOBILE DEVICE)

• Monitor the same devices, and send control messages to them, to turn them on/off, to check their state and to take any action on them.
  

  (BROWSER/MOBILE DEVICE —-> SENSOR/LIGHT)

This information is sent from one device to the other, without having to open any ports on the devices, through firewalls and irrespective of the network they are on. PubNub is the key communication component between all the things in the Internet of Things, and in this case, our Pi house.

Hardware: Sensor 101

The DHT22 is a basic, low-cost digital temperature and humidity sensor. It uses a capacitive humidity sensor and a thermistor to measure the surrounding air, and spits out a digital signal on the data pin.

1. The DHT22 sensor:
2. 3 jumper wires
3. Breadboard
4. 4.7kΩ (or 10kΩ) resistor 5.Raspberry Pi B+ loaded with the Raspbian OS.

Set up the circuit according to the following figure:

which translates to:

Connect to the GPIO4 (pin7), pin 1 for the voltage (3v3) and pin 6 for ground. The resistor goes between the first two pins of the sensor. The third pin of the sensor doesn’t need to be connected to anything.

How do you read values from it?

We need to use Adafruit’s DHT library to be able to read the temperature values from the sensor.

Open LXTerminal, and download and install the followings:

Install Python:

pi@raspberrypi ~$ sudo apt-get install python-dev

Install pip:

pi@raspberrypi ~$ sudo apt-get install python-pip

Downloading the Adafruit DHT library:

pi@raspberrypi ~$ git clone https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit_Python_DHT.git

pi@raspberrypi ~$ cd Adafruit_Python_DHT

Installing the library

pi@raspberrypi ~$ sudo python setup.py install

This should compile the code for the library and install it on your device so any Python program can access the Adafruit_DHT python module.

Software: PubNub 101

What is PubNub doing here?

The Raspberry Pi smart home is all about IoT, and IoT is all about the devices communicating with each other in realtime. PubNub powers that communication between devices. Whether it’s a mobile device or a web browser talking to embedded devices, sensors or any other device, PubNub glues them together.

In this specific example, we’ll use a web browser to communicate with the sensors and the Raspberry Pi, to collect and receive temperature and humidity values. The sensor measures them, and sends it back over PubNub, allowing you to visualize it on your browser in realtime.

Code Walkthrough

Step 1: Reading the sensor values

The code snippet below makes the Pi read the humidity and temperature values from the sensor and print it out.

At this point, our sensor is collecting temperature and humidity data, but not doing anything with it. We want to stream this data to a web browser and display it in realtime, reflecting changes as they happen.

Step 2: Installing PubNub

Install PubNub:

pi@raspberrypi ~$ sudo pip install pubnub

For an indepth tutorial on setting up PubNub with a Raspberry Pi, check out Raspberry Pi 101. Also, to get your unique publish/subscribe keys, you’ll first need to sign up for a PubNub account. Once you sign up, you can get your unique PubNub keys in the PubNub Developer Dashboard. Our free Sandbox tier should give you all the bandwidth you need to build and test your app with the PubNub API. 

Make sure you import the right libraries needed for this program. You initialize an instance of PubNub by inputting your publish/subscribe keys. Your channel is where you publish the message to, so choose a unique name for that.

PubNub Publish/Subscribe

In order to view these readings on your web UI, you will need to publish them on a specific channel using PubNub. The browser will subscribe to the same channel, and hence receive the message.

Here we are formatting the data to two decimal places, forming a message to be sent over PubNub, and finally publish the message.

Data Visualization: Web UI

Our web UI is the control station for the Raspberry Pi smart home. This is where we see our temperature and humidity readings, can check the status of connected devices, and can control and trigger action, all in realtime.

If you are running the Python script on the Pi, you’ll notice the changing temperature and humidity values from the sensors. The UI updates as the data changes.

PubNub Console

If you don’t want to build the UI, worry not! The PubNub Developer Console and Debugger is another way to view messages from PubNub. If you do not have a web page displaying your data, you can still control and receive messages from the house with the console. It’s an easy debugger, where once you input your keys and channel name, the sensor readings will stream (as seen in the image below).

Wrapping Up and Part Two

That’s all for Part One! We’ve built our temperature and humidity sensors, and we’re streaming data between the sensors and the web UI in realtime. All the code for this part of the project is available here.

But we’re not done!

In Part Two, we’ll cover remote control of the LEDs, including turning them on and off, and adjusting their dimness and brightness.